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Farm & Ranch

Scrapie: Eradication Restart

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By Barry Whitworth, DVM

Scrapie is a chronic, progressive disease of the central nervous system that affects sheep and goats. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has worked for decades to eliminate scrapie from small ruminant operations. The United States was positioned to meet the World Organization for Animal Health’s seven-year benchmark for self-declared scrapie freedom in January 2028. Unfortunately, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) confirmed classical scrapie in a sheep slaughtered at a facility in Oregon. With this detection, national scrapie-free status for the U.S. may be pushed back to sometime in 2033.

Scrapie is the oldest of the neurodegenerative diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Other TSEs include bovine spongiform encephalopathy, known as mad cow disease; chronic wasting disease, found in deer; and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, found in humans. TSEs are protein-misfolding diseases that damage the brain, and they are always fatal.

Researchers don’t fully understand what causes scrapie, but evidence points to an infectious protein called a prion. These infectious prions damage the normal prion proteins found in the brain. The misfolded proteins lead to brain damage and the clinical signs of the disease. Prions resist destruction, so once they are in the environment, they are difficult to remove.

Scrapie appears to spread mainly by the oral route. Lambs and kids typically ingest prions when they contact placentas and birthing fluids from infected ewes and does. Older animals can be exposed the same way. Colostrum and milk are also sources of prions, and urine, feces, saliva and nasal secretions may contain them as well. Once ingested, prions cross into the lymphoid system, where they incubate for a long time, usually two to five years, before entering the nervous system.

Genetics plays a part in scrapie infections. Some breeds are more susceptible because of their genetic makeup. Genetic testing can help producers select breeding stock with resistant genes.

The clinical signs most associated with scrapie are intense itching (pruritus), incoordination (ataxia) and wasting. Early on, producers may notice slight behavior changes in infected sheep and goats. Animals may have a staring or fixed gaze, fail to respond to herding or act aggressively toward objects. As the disease progresses, signs include weight loss despite a normal appetite, incoordination, head tremors and intense itching. In the final stages, sheep go down and may show blindness, seizures and an inability to swallow. Once the first clinical signs appear, death usually follows in one to six months.

The gold standard for diagnosing scrapie after death is immunohistochemistry testing of brain tissue, along with microscopic examination of the brain for the lesions characteristic of TSEs. Veterinarians can also diagnose live animals by testing lymphoid tissue from the third eyelid and rectal mucosa scrapings.

No treatment exists for scrapie, so prevention is key. Biosecurity is a good starting point. Maintain a closed flock, and buy replacement animals only from certified scrapie-free flocks. Limit visitors’ contact with your animals. Keep lambing and kidding areas clean, and dispose of manure and bedding contaminated with birthing fluids and placentas properly. Use genetically resistant animals for breeding to produce genetically resistant offspring.

A novel, or atypical, form of scrapie also exists. Sometimes called the Nor98 variant, it was first found in Norway and has been diagnosed in the U.S. as well. It usually turns up in a single old animal in a flock or herd, and its brain lesions differ from those of classical scrapie. Experts currently believe natural transmission of atypical scrapie is unlikely.

Small ruminant producers can help the USDA’s eradication effort by contacting the agency when an adult sheep or goat shows clinical signs of scrapie or when an adult animal dies or is euthanized. Contact Oklahoma State Veterinarian Dr. Rod Hall at 405-522-6141 or USDA Veterinary Services at 405-254-1797. Collection and testing of samples for scrapie are free.

Another important step in eliminating scrapie, and other diseases, is identifying animals with official USDA ID. The USDA National Scrapie Eradication Program requires most sheep to be identified to their flock of birth when they leave their home premises for sale, show or events, or when they commingle with other sheep.

Unfortunately, the Oregon sheep diagnosed with scrapie had no tag, which will hamper USDA traceback efforts. You can find more information on official ID at https://www.aphis.usda.gov/nvap/reference-guide/animal-identification/sheep-goat.

The U.S. needs to eliminate scrapie. Once it does, the country will gain additional export markets for sheep and goat products. Oklahoma State University Cooperative Extension Service has an informative fact sheet on scrapie. Ask your local county Extension office for fact sheet VTMD-9135, or view it online at https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/scrapie.html. Sheep and goat producers may also want to visit the USDA National Scrapie Eradication Program website at https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/sheep-goat/scrapie.

References

Cassmann, E. D., & Greenlee, J. J. (2020). Pathogenesis, detection, and control of scrapie in sheep. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 81(7), 600–614. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.81.7.600

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Farm & Ranch

Land Market Report

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By Jared Groce

The rural land market held steady in July after the increase we saw in June, with nearly identical numbers of transactions and similar pricing. Buyer inquiries rose noticeably in July, with most agents and brokers reporting a sharp increase in calls and showings. Title companies and lenders also report more transactions since July 1, which suggests buyer sentiment may be picking up as summer draws to an end.

The gap between list price and sale price improved compared with June, with the sale-to-list ratio running much higher than the previous month. Total days on market dropped somewhat from June. Several larger tracts also closed in July compared with the rest of 2026 to date.

It is still a buyer’s market, and I expect that trend to continue through the year. Once the Fed lowers interest rates, buyer sentiment will likely climb even more and push us back toward a seller’s market, but who knows when that might happen. In the meantime, we are all fighting higher prices at the pump, higher input costs for seed, fertilizer and hay, and big jumps in insurance premiums across the board. The good news, if you are selling, is that cattle prices remain at an all-time high.

They say the best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago, and the second-best time is today. The same is true of buying land. Get some dirt on your hands.

CountyAreaAcres$/AcreList PriceSold PriceSale/ListDOM
ClayHenrietta25.02$13,789$345,000$345,000100.00%5
ClayPetrolia77.72$4,825$399,000$275,00094.00%24
ClayAverage51.37$9,307$372,000$360,00097.00%15
CollinBlue Ridge11.03$30,740$358,400$339,00094.60%58
CollinBlue Ridge11$48,182$550,000$530,00096.40%325
CollinFarmersville20.97$30,514$625,000$640,000102.40%443
CollinFarmersville32.9$30,395$1,149,000$1,000,00087.00%315
CollinAnna14.2$73,970$1,200,000$1,050,00087.50%50
CollinAverage18.02$42,760$776,480$711,80093.60%238
CookeCollinsville11$35,364$389,000$389,000100.00%343
CookeGainesville43.08$15,669$775,400$675,00087.00%5
CookeAverage27.04$25,616$582,220$532,00093.50%174
DentonKrum11.93$25,086$300,000$299,20499.70%34
DentonPonder14.92$46,917$988,200$700,00070.80%170
DentonDenton22.37$90,198$2,017,730$2,017,730100.00%160
DentonSanger122.36$26,153$3,360,000$3,200,00095.20%289
DentonSanger328.06$10,813$3,608,000$3,547,18698.30%11
DentonAverage99.93$39,833$2,054,786$1,952,82492.80%133
GraysonSherman23.06$13,010$395,000$300,00075.90%7
GraysonBells11$303,909$360,000$340,00094.40%356
GraysonCollinsville11.39$49,109$619,500$559,35090.30%183
GraysonGunter11.5$69,000$882,874$793,50089.90%259
GraysonAverage14.24$40,009$507,250$449,67590.10%221
JackJacksboro29.17$8,742$261,072$255,00097.70%191
JackJacksboro171$11,809$2,223,000$2,019,29890.80%148
JackPoolville202$15,347$3,434,000$3,100,00090.30%312
JackAverage134.06$11,966$1,972,691$1,791,43392.90%217
MontagueBowie10.01$17,483$175,000$175,000100.00%5
MontagueBowie46.3$10,043$650,000$465,00071.50%10
MontagueBowie56.02$12,049$700,250$675,00096.40%30
MontagueForestburg212.17$7,494$2,697,000$1,590,00093.70%369
MontagueNocona192.32$11,716$2,355,840$2,300,00097.60%91
MontagueNocona575.87$11,287$6,910,440$6,500,00094.10%56
MontagueNocona934.29$8,244$8,806,000$7,701,85587.50%333
MontagueAverage290.14$11,188$3,042,076$2,772,40891.50%128
WiseChico11.4$18,421$210,000$210,000100.00%170
WiseChico14$17,143$249,900$240,00096.00%18
WiseDecatur10.15$28,498$379,000$289,25876.30%115
WiseDecatur10.15$28,498$379,000$289,25876.30%115
WiseDecatur11.61$28,498$438,000$330,86575.50%115
WiseDecatur14.58$28,506$524,880$415,61979.20%115
WiseBoyd61.34$11,575$775,000$710,00091.60%251
WisePoolville115.69$9,076$1,300,000$1,050,00080.80%75
WiseAverage31.11$21,277$533,973$441,87584.10%122
DOM = days on market
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Farm & Ranch

Noble Learning: What Your Grass and Cover Crops Need to Succeed

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By Laura Nelson

Planting a seed may be the ultimate act of faith and hope. Giving it the right conditions to thrive takes action on our part.

Jim Johnson, Noble Research Institute’s senior regenerative ranching advisor, says building the right conditions in your soil will improve the odds of successful germination and growth.

“Building healthy soil is something we work at every day, all year long,” Johnson says.

Whether you’re planting a cover crop for the first time or trying to add diversity to your pastureland, new seeds have the same requirements for a good start: viable seed, good seed-to-soil contact, adequate moisture, proper temperatures and available oxygen.

“Those aren’t necessarily things that you can just take care of the day you decide to go plant,” Johnson says. “They’re soil management actions that we take every day.”

Start with the best seed

Start with high-quality, vigorous seed.

“A vigorous seed is going to be more forgiving if conditions are less than ideal,” Johnson says. A laboratory can run a cold germination test or a stress test to give you a good idea of a seed lot’s viability.

When comparing seed of the same species, look at the number of seeds per pound. If one rye cover crop has 26,000 seeds per pound and another of the same variety has 16,000, the 16,000-seed lot has bigger seeds.

“You want big, plump seeds for that variety, because the bigger and plumper seeds typically have more of the stored energy they need to get started,” he says.

Maximize seed-to-soil contact

A seed has to soak up moisture from the soil to soften and swell for germination. Picture each seed as a cube. Broadcast it on the surface, and only one side touches the soil. Push it down a little, and parts of the other sides touch the dirt around it. Push it down and firmly cover it with soil, and all six sides can make contact, but only if the soil structure is in good condition.

Hard, compacted soil makes it difficult to get seed into the ground and to get the soil to close back around it. Loose, fluffy soil is full of air gaps that prevent seed-to-soil contact. You want to plant into friable soil that crumbles easily when squeezed, about the consistency of cottage cheese or a moist chocolate cake. That gives the seed its best chance.

Ground cover helps build more friable soil, but too much residue can keep seed from reaching the soil. A well-calibrated, well-maintained no-till drill can plant through tons of residue. If you’re broadcasting seed into grass or a crop field with residue, Johnson suggests using livestock to graze off or remove excess cover first. Used correctly, high-density, short-duration grazing can also help tread broadcast seed into the soil.

If livestock aren’t an option, consider another limited, well-timed disturbance to get the seed in touch with the soil. A quick pass with a disc to chop residue while incorporating the seed, or burning residue just before seeding, can give new plants a fresh start.

Adequate moisture matters

Seed-to-soil contact only works if the soil holds enough moisture to reach the seed. In general, a seed needs at least a quarter inch of precipitation to germinate, plus another quarter to half inch for the plant to establish.

A good, well-timed rain is the quickest path to success, but encouraging diverse root systems over the long term builds a moist, fertile environment.

“We always have to be thinking about how we can set the soil up to absorb and hold water,” Johnson says. Heavier residue helps hold moisture and protects the surface from evaporation, and living roots open pore space so water can find its way in.

Healthy soil that holds moisture helps insulate a seed waiting for rain. If you see noticeable erosion on your land, your water cycle is broken. Keep the ground covered to slow water down and help it soak in.

Keep the temperature right

Many seeds tolerate soil temperatures from just above freezing into the low 100s, but the ideal range for germination is typically 65 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit. You’ll want to be confident soil temperatures will stay in the right range for that seed for at least three days in a row, and ideally five. A forecast showing a favorable trend can work, too.

“If we’re planting a cool season crop in the fall, we might be able to plant into soil we know is too hot to germinate,” Johnson says. “But if the days are getting shorter and cooler, and we have a little rain in the immediate forecast, we’re trending in the right direction.”

Timing always matters, but your temperature window widens as your soil health improves.

“We know we can plant earlier or later if we have good, healthy soil,” he says. Healthy, covered, root-filled soil holds a steadier temperature regardless of the air temperature.

Give it room to breathe

Waterlogged or compacted soils starve seeds of the oxygen they need. A heavy rain may soak a seed and trigger germination, but the seed will drown if it sits underwater for more than a couple of days.

One problem often leads to another. Wet soils compact easily, so keep animals and machinery off waterlogged ground, especially before planting. The right amount of ground cover will also soften the effects of compaction.

To show how much ground cover reduces compaction, Johnson often lays his hand on the ground during Noble’s Land Essentials course and invites the biggest student in the class to stand on it. First, though, he gathers plant residue and litter and covers his hand.

“It’s a pretty powerful demonstration when they can stand on my hand, and I hardly feel it,” Johnson says. “That’s how big a cushion residue makes for our soil surface.”

Preventing compaction, building organic matter and improving water absorption also help keep the soil surface from crusting over a seed, another obstacle to a good stand.

“All these things matter and make a difference in your seed germination,” Johnson says. “Healthy soil with good soil structure is easier to plant into, easier to get all the conditions your seed needs to germinate and establish, and easier to get a good stand in.”

Unpredictable weather can still wreck the best-laid plans, but good soil conditions give your seeds their best chance whether you drill or broadcast your new forage crop.

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Farm & Ranch

Don’t Wait Until They Fly

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By Savannah Magoteaux

Walk across a pasture in a bad grasshopper year, and you’ll hear them before you see them. Hundreds of insects scatter with every step, springing out of the grass in all directions. A few grasshoppers are a normal part of the landscape, but a population explosion can frustrate farmers, ranchers and homeowners alike.

Grasshoppers can eat tremendous amounts of vegetation. They strip forage from pastures, damage gardens, defoliate young trees and feed on many row crops. In drought years, when forage is already short, heavy grasshopper pressure makes a hard situation worse.

You can reduce the damage. The challenge is knowing when control will work and when it is too late to make much difference.

Why are there so many this year?

Grasshopper numbers rise and fall from year to year, and weather plays a major role in whether they stay manageable or explode.

Warm, dry springs generally favor grasshopper survival. Females lay egg pods in undisturbed soil during late summer and fall. Those eggs stay in the ground through winter and hatch the following spring.

If the winter is mild and the spring stays dry, more young grasshoppers survive. Dry weather also suppresses many of the fungal diseases that normally help keep grasshopper numbers down.

By summer, millions of young insects may already be feeding across rangeland and pastures.

Timing is everything

One of the biggest mistakes landowners make is waiting until grasshoppers have fully developed wings before deciding to act.

Young grasshoppers, called nymphs, are much easier to control. They stay concentrated near where they hatched, can’t fly long distances and take much less insecticide if treatment becomes necessary.

Once they become winged adults, the picture changes. Adult grasshoppers move easily and can fly into treated areas from neighboring fields. Even if a treatment knocks down the local population, new insects may keep arriving all summer.

That is why many Extension specialists stress early monitoring instead of waiting until the damage is obvious.

How much damage can they cause?

Grasshoppers feed on hundreds of plant species. In pastures, they eat grass your livestock would otherwise graze. During severe outbreaks, they may also feed on broadleaf plants, garden vegetables, flowers and young shrubs.

In drought years, the damage shows even more because forage is already stressed. Grasshoppers often gather along field edges first, then move deeper into pastures as food runs short.

Young trees can suffer, too. Newly planted windbreaks, fruit trees and ornamental trees may lose a lot of foliage when grasshopper numbers are high.

What can you do?

No single solution eliminates grasshoppers, but several practices can reduce the damage.

Start with regular scouting. Walking fields every week in late spring and early summer lets you spot rising populations before serious feeding begins.

Good pasture management helps, too. Healthy, vigorous forage generally holds up to feeding better than drought-stressed or overgrazed pasture. Avoiding overgrazing leaves plants more leaf area to recover after insects feed.

Around gardens and homes, mowing tall weeds and unmanaged vegetation can reduce the places where grasshoppers feed and reproduce. It won’t stop an outbreak, but it can make your property less attractive to them.

Natural predators pitch in. Birds, wild turkeys, guineas, chickens, spiders, robber flies and praying mantises all eat grasshoppers. They rarely provide full control in outbreak years, but they help keep numbers lower in normal seasons.

Insecticides can work, but don’t treat them as an automatic solution. Treatment generally works best while most grasshoppers are still immature nymphs. By the time adults are flying, you may need repeated applications because new insects keep moving into treated areas.

Whether treatment pays often depends on how heavy the infestation is and how valuable the crop or pasture is. Extension recommendations commonly use population thresholds to help decide whether control is economically justified, rather than treating every field just because grasshoppers are present.

If you use insecticides, choose products labeled for the site, and follow all label directions on application rates, grazing restrictions and environmental precautions.

Once adult females start laying eggs in late summer, there is little you can do. Those eggs stay in the soil until spring, so early monitoring the next year matters even more after a big outbreak.

Grasshopper populations rarely stay at outbreak levels forever. Weather, predators, disease and natural cycles eventually bring numbers back down. In years that favor grasshoppers, though, producers who scout early and respond quickly usually fare far better than those who wait until the pasture appears to be moving.

No one can eliminate grasshoppers from the landscape, and no one should try. They are a natural part of the ecosystem and an important food source for many wildlife species. The goal is to hold damage to an acceptable level while protecting the long-term health of your pastures, crops and beneficial insects.

By the time grasshoppers are flying up with every step you take through the pasture, much of the damage is already done. The best defense starts weeks earlier, while the insects are young, populations are easier to manage and you have more options.

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