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Farm & Ranch

Mastering Cattle Injection Techniques

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By Martha Crump

Whether you have a few head of cattle or quite a few, you’ve no doubt had to give them injections at some point. If you are managing your herd correctly, that means you’ve established a good working relationship with your local veterinarian, as that is now the protocol for obtaining any medications or vaccines for your herd.

But has anybody ever talked to you about the “What, When, Where, Why and How” of injections? I suspect many of us have watched family, and when we graduated into the designated role of “Shot Boss,” we were given some quick directions, and after that we were on our own. After all, just how difficult could it really be?

Surprisingly, there are quite a few “whys” to consider when we are responsible for the injection side of vaccinating or doctoring our sick cattle. It is no surprise that over the last 20 or so years, as with many practices in the beef industry, progress has been made in standardizing beef cattle injection techniques and methods. These injection techniques are recommended to help with animal safety and the production of safe, quality beef for the consumer.

I’m only mentioning the “What” of this equation briefly, as most all know that the purpose of vaccines is to protect against disease, prevent pregnancy loss and promote passive immunity. Each of these points could rightfully be an article on its own. If you are running a program like your livestock deserve, then the “When” and “Why” is a customized protocol for your herd and will vary across ranches and regions. Producers should work closely with their veterinarian to customize this plan.

This now leaves us with the “Where” and the “How” of giving injections.

The first safety measure is to make sure your cattle are safely restrained and that you have easy access to the neck. A moving animal creates the potential for a missed shot, a misplaced shot or, worse yet, an injury to the “shot boss.” Animals that are not properly restrained are more likely to suffer from tissue trauma, incorrect injection technique and location, and are at a higher risk for needle breaks.

An old saying around cattle pens is, “Slow is faster, because it’s smoother.” Everyone should know what they’re doing, where they are standing to do their specific job and have a clear setup to get it done.

Understanding the route of administration (ROA) for the vaccines or medicine being given is critical for the efficacy of the product being used. Most vaccines are either given subcutaneously (SQ), just under the skin, or intramuscularly (IM) in the neck. Some vaccines are now given intranasally with a specialized blunt plastic attachment.

Starting with the Sub Q injection, it is given at a 45-degree angle, while injections that are given intramuscularly (IM) are positioned at a 90-degree angle and inserted more deeply. When label recommendations are followed, an animal’s ability to absorb, distribute, break down and excrete a drug are predictable. The problem arises when directions are not followed. There are distinct differences in the rate of absorption of drugs depending on how they are delivered, and when given incorrectly, there is no guarantee of drug effectiveness.

Most injections are given SQ, or just under the skin, as they are generally less irritating and therefore the preferred ROA. It is advisable to avoid the temptation to use the hand not holding the needle to pull the skin up or “tent” it as you are injecting. This practice quite often leads to injecting yourself instead of the cow. We won’t talk about how I know this fact!

It is a common tendency for a person who has never given shots, as it makes it easy to feel the syringe path. Instead of this technique, keep the 45-degree angle and try for slight back-and-forth movement of the syringe tip once inserted. If it is mobile, then you are under the skin, but not into the muscle.

For the intranasal vaccines, we have tried a couple of different tips by different manufacturers, and the one we prefer has a large circular guard that prevents the tip from being inserted too deeply into the nasal passage. One brand had a smaller guard, and it was difficult to control depth as the circular guard passed right into the nostril. With a moving target, this had the potential to cause trauma, so we made sure to avoid that brand with future treatments. No matter how well you have them secured, there will be head movement.

We also try to have the head elevated for a few moments after spraying the mist into the nose so it will not immediately run right back out. Our grandson was administering the nasal vaccine for the first time a few weeks ago, and this was the correction he needed. Keep that head up for just a minute to eliminate it dripping right back out. That turns into an expensive puddle! It’s easy to miss the little points when you are learning new things.

This diagram shows exactly where the recommended injection safe zones are located. Injections outside of the indicated safe zone have the potential to cause injury and even death to the animal. The nuchal ligament runs along the top of the neck and is responsible for supporting the head. Injections placed too high have the potential to cause damage that can cause the animal to suffer severe and even permanent paralysis. The same results can occur if the spinal cord is inadvertently hit with the syringe.

Also to be avoided as an injection site is the jugular furrow along the bottom of the neck. This area contains the jugular vein and carotid artery. If medications or vaccines are injected too low along the neck, they can enter directly into the bloodstream and have the unintended effect of possible severe drug reactions.

Another consideration is to keep a hand-width of space between medication injection sites when having to administer multiple ones on an animal. This helps ensure that the tissue can adequately recover from the injections, and it will also prevent the medications from combining under the skin. If medications mix within the animal because they are given in the same spot, they can interact and cause drug reactions, or they can potentially inactivate each other, rendering them useless.

As for the actual equipment, the needle size should be based on the size of the animal. You will see some slight variations in recommended sizes, but generally, for calves less than 500 pounds, a 20- to 18-gauge needle that is 1/2 to 5/8 inch is used for SQ injections. For cattle greater than 500 pounds, an 18- to 16-gauge needle that is 1/2 to 3/4 inch is used. The needle should be slightly longer for IM injections, but the consideration is the same as SQ for weight. Always choose the smallest gauge needle that can still effectively deliver the type of medication needed. Disposable needles with an aluminum hub are preferred.

Now, about those needles. A box of 100 averages out to about 25 cents per unit. Walk into most cattle working pens and what will you find? Needles recapped and lying around, you know, just in case. In today’s economy, it does pay to be frugal, but ranchers have been hoarding and reusing needles for as long as they’ve been in use. Folks, they are one of the least expensive pieces of equipment that we use. You and your animals are better served if the needle being used is replaced when needed.

So, exactly when is it necessary? If a needle is burred, bent or dull, it will increase the likelihood of tissue damage and abscessing. It is even recommended that the needle be replaced every 10 to 15 injections and every time it is necessary to enter a multidose vial. If a needle is bent, you should never attempt to straighten it. You should replace it with a new one.

I’m pretty sure this train of thought will cause a collective gasp. Seriously, they’re not expensive, and they’re not meant to be used for the duration of your lifetime. Replace those suckers!

As for the syringe, proper cleaning is essential for maintaining hygiene and preventing cross-contamination. Whenever possible, you should designate specific syringes for each product and use only with that product.

And this next point is very important. Syringes should NOT be cleaned with soaps or antibacterial agents, as they may affect the efficacy of vaccines because of residue left behind after cleaning. Instead, you should perform a quick pre-rinse with only warm water immediately after use. If disassembly is possible, separate the barrel, plunger and needle, then wash using hot water and a brush. Once cleaned, the syringe may be hung upside down to air dry or placed on a clean towel to dry. Do not reassemble and/or store until fully dry.

When you are utilizing best management practices, your herd stays healthier and more profitable for you. Even if you are throwing away more needles!

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Farm & Ranch

Land Market Report

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By Jared Groce

The rural land market held steady in July after the increase we saw in June, with nearly identical numbers of transactions and similar pricing. Buyer inquiries rose noticeably in July, with most agents and brokers reporting a sharp increase in calls and showings. Title companies and lenders also report more transactions since July 1, which suggests buyer sentiment may be picking up as summer draws to an end.

The gap between list price and sale price improved compared with June, with the sale-to-list ratio running much higher than the previous month. Total days on market dropped somewhat from June. Several larger tracts also closed in July compared with the rest of 2026 to date.

It is still a buyer’s market, and I expect that trend to continue through the year. Once the Fed lowers interest rates, buyer sentiment will likely climb even more and push us back toward a seller’s market, but who knows when that might happen. In the meantime, we are all fighting higher prices at the pump, higher input costs for seed, fertilizer and hay, and big jumps in insurance premiums across the board. The good news, if you are selling, is that cattle prices remain at an all-time high.

They say the best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago, and the second-best time is today. The same is true of buying land. Get some dirt on your hands.

CountyAreaAcres$/AcreList PriceSold PriceSale/ListDOM
ClayHenrietta25.02$13,789$345,000$345,000100.00%5
ClayPetrolia77.72$4,825$399,000$275,00094.00%24
ClayAverage51.37$9,307$372,000$360,00097.00%15
CollinBlue Ridge11.03$30,740$358,400$339,00094.60%58
CollinBlue Ridge11$48,182$550,000$530,00096.40%325
CollinFarmersville20.97$30,514$625,000$640,000102.40%443
CollinFarmersville32.9$30,395$1,149,000$1,000,00087.00%315
CollinAnna14.2$73,970$1,200,000$1,050,00087.50%50
CollinAverage18.02$42,760$776,480$711,80093.60%238
CookeCollinsville11$35,364$389,000$389,000100.00%343
CookeGainesville43.08$15,669$775,400$675,00087.00%5
CookeAverage27.04$25,616$582,220$532,00093.50%174
DentonKrum11.93$25,086$300,000$299,20499.70%34
DentonPonder14.92$46,917$988,200$700,00070.80%170
DentonDenton22.37$90,198$2,017,730$2,017,730100.00%160
DentonSanger122.36$26,153$3,360,000$3,200,00095.20%289
DentonSanger328.06$10,813$3,608,000$3,547,18698.30%11
DentonAverage99.93$39,833$2,054,786$1,952,82492.80%133
GraysonSherman23.06$13,010$395,000$300,00075.90%7
GraysonBells11$303,909$360,000$340,00094.40%356
GraysonCollinsville11.39$49,109$619,500$559,35090.30%183
GraysonGunter11.5$69,000$882,874$793,50089.90%259
GraysonAverage14.24$40,009$507,250$449,67590.10%221
JackJacksboro29.17$8,742$261,072$255,00097.70%191
JackJacksboro171$11,809$2,223,000$2,019,29890.80%148
JackPoolville202$15,347$3,434,000$3,100,00090.30%312
JackAverage134.06$11,966$1,972,691$1,791,43392.90%217
MontagueBowie10.01$17,483$175,000$175,000100.00%5
MontagueBowie46.3$10,043$650,000$465,00071.50%10
MontagueBowie56.02$12,049$700,250$675,00096.40%30
MontagueForestburg212.17$7,494$2,697,000$1,590,00093.70%369
MontagueNocona192.32$11,716$2,355,840$2,300,00097.60%91
MontagueNocona575.87$11,287$6,910,440$6,500,00094.10%56
MontagueNocona934.29$8,244$8,806,000$7,701,85587.50%333
MontagueAverage290.14$11,188$3,042,076$2,772,40891.50%128
WiseChico11.4$18,421$210,000$210,000100.00%170
WiseChico14$17,143$249,900$240,00096.00%18
WiseDecatur10.15$28,498$379,000$289,25876.30%115
WiseDecatur10.15$28,498$379,000$289,25876.30%115
WiseDecatur11.61$28,498$438,000$330,86575.50%115
WiseDecatur14.58$28,506$524,880$415,61979.20%115
WiseBoyd61.34$11,575$775,000$710,00091.60%251
WisePoolville115.69$9,076$1,300,000$1,050,00080.80%75
WiseAverage31.11$21,277$533,973$441,87584.10%122
DOM = days on market
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Farm & Ranch

Noble Learning: What Your Grass and Cover Crops Need to Succeed

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By Laura Nelson

Planting a seed may be the ultimate act of faith and hope. Giving it the right conditions to thrive takes action on our part.

Jim Johnson, Noble Research Institute’s senior regenerative ranching advisor, says building the right conditions in your soil will improve the odds of successful germination and growth.

“Building healthy soil is something we work at every day, all year long,” Johnson says.

Whether you’re planting a cover crop for the first time or trying to add diversity to your pastureland, new seeds have the same requirements for a good start: viable seed, good seed-to-soil contact, adequate moisture, proper temperatures and available oxygen.

“Those aren’t necessarily things that you can just take care of the day you decide to go plant,” Johnson says. “They’re soil management actions that we take every day.”

Start with the best seed

Start with high-quality, vigorous seed.

“A vigorous seed is going to be more forgiving if conditions are less than ideal,” Johnson says. A laboratory can run a cold germination test or a stress test to give you a good idea of a seed lot’s viability.

When comparing seed of the same species, look at the number of seeds per pound. If one rye cover crop has 26,000 seeds per pound and another of the same variety has 16,000, the 16,000-seed lot has bigger seeds.

“You want big, plump seeds for that variety, because the bigger and plumper seeds typically have more of the stored energy they need to get started,” he says.

Maximize seed-to-soil contact

A seed has to soak up moisture from the soil to soften and swell for germination. Picture each seed as a cube. Broadcast it on the surface, and only one side touches the soil. Push it down a little, and parts of the other sides touch the dirt around it. Push it down and firmly cover it with soil, and all six sides can make contact, but only if the soil structure is in good condition.

Hard, compacted soil makes it difficult to get seed into the ground and to get the soil to close back around it. Loose, fluffy soil is full of air gaps that prevent seed-to-soil contact. You want to plant into friable soil that crumbles easily when squeezed, about the consistency of cottage cheese or a moist chocolate cake. That gives the seed its best chance.

Ground cover helps build more friable soil, but too much residue can keep seed from reaching the soil. A well-calibrated, well-maintained no-till drill can plant through tons of residue. If you’re broadcasting seed into grass or a crop field with residue, Johnson suggests using livestock to graze off or remove excess cover first. Used correctly, high-density, short-duration grazing can also help tread broadcast seed into the soil.

If livestock aren’t an option, consider another limited, well-timed disturbance to get the seed in touch with the soil. A quick pass with a disc to chop residue while incorporating the seed, or burning residue just before seeding, can give new plants a fresh start.

Adequate moisture matters

Seed-to-soil contact only works if the soil holds enough moisture to reach the seed. In general, a seed needs at least a quarter inch of precipitation to germinate, plus another quarter to half inch for the plant to establish.

A good, well-timed rain is the quickest path to success, but encouraging diverse root systems over the long term builds a moist, fertile environment.

“We always have to be thinking about how we can set the soil up to absorb and hold water,” Johnson says. Heavier residue helps hold moisture and protects the surface from evaporation, and living roots open pore space so water can find its way in.

Healthy soil that holds moisture helps insulate a seed waiting for rain. If you see noticeable erosion on your land, your water cycle is broken. Keep the ground covered to slow water down and help it soak in.

Keep the temperature right

Many seeds tolerate soil temperatures from just above freezing into the low 100s, but the ideal range for germination is typically 65 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit. You’ll want to be confident soil temperatures will stay in the right range for that seed for at least three days in a row, and ideally five. A forecast showing a favorable trend can work, too.

“If we’re planting a cool season crop in the fall, we might be able to plant into soil we know is too hot to germinate,” Johnson says. “But if the days are getting shorter and cooler, and we have a little rain in the immediate forecast, we’re trending in the right direction.”

Timing always matters, but your temperature window widens as your soil health improves.

“We know we can plant earlier or later if we have good, healthy soil,” he says. Healthy, covered, root-filled soil holds a steadier temperature regardless of the air temperature.

Give it room to breathe

Waterlogged or compacted soils starve seeds of the oxygen they need. A heavy rain may soak a seed and trigger germination, but the seed will drown if it sits underwater for more than a couple of days.

One problem often leads to another. Wet soils compact easily, so keep animals and machinery off waterlogged ground, especially before planting. The right amount of ground cover will also soften the effects of compaction.

To show how much ground cover reduces compaction, Johnson often lays his hand on the ground during Noble’s Land Essentials course and invites the biggest student in the class to stand on it. First, though, he gathers plant residue and litter and covers his hand.

“It’s a pretty powerful demonstration when they can stand on my hand, and I hardly feel it,” Johnson says. “That’s how big a cushion residue makes for our soil surface.”

Preventing compaction, building organic matter and improving water absorption also help keep the soil surface from crusting over a seed, another obstacle to a good stand.

“All these things matter and make a difference in your seed germination,” Johnson says. “Healthy soil with good soil structure is easier to plant into, easier to get all the conditions your seed needs to germinate and establish, and easier to get a good stand in.”

Unpredictable weather can still wreck the best-laid plans, but good soil conditions give your seeds their best chance whether you drill or broadcast your new forage crop.

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Farm & Ranch

Don’t Wait Until They Fly

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By Savannah Magoteaux

Walk across a pasture in a bad grasshopper year, and you’ll hear them before you see them. Hundreds of insects scatter with every step, springing out of the grass in all directions. A few grasshoppers are a normal part of the landscape, but a population explosion can frustrate farmers, ranchers and homeowners alike.

Grasshoppers can eat tremendous amounts of vegetation. They strip forage from pastures, damage gardens, defoliate young trees and feed on many row crops. In drought years, when forage is already short, heavy grasshopper pressure makes a hard situation worse.

You can reduce the damage. The challenge is knowing when control will work and when it is too late to make much difference.

Why are there so many this year?

Grasshopper numbers rise and fall from year to year, and weather plays a major role in whether they stay manageable or explode.

Warm, dry springs generally favor grasshopper survival. Females lay egg pods in undisturbed soil during late summer and fall. Those eggs stay in the ground through winter and hatch the following spring.

If the winter is mild and the spring stays dry, more young grasshoppers survive. Dry weather also suppresses many of the fungal diseases that normally help keep grasshopper numbers down.

By summer, millions of young insects may already be feeding across rangeland and pastures.

Timing is everything

One of the biggest mistakes landowners make is waiting until grasshoppers have fully developed wings before deciding to act.

Young grasshoppers, called nymphs, are much easier to control. They stay concentrated near where they hatched, can’t fly long distances and take much less insecticide if treatment becomes necessary.

Once they become winged adults, the picture changes. Adult grasshoppers move easily and can fly into treated areas from neighboring fields. Even if a treatment knocks down the local population, new insects may keep arriving all summer.

That is why many Extension specialists stress early monitoring instead of waiting until the damage is obvious.

How much damage can they cause?

Grasshoppers feed on hundreds of plant species. In pastures, they eat grass your livestock would otherwise graze. During severe outbreaks, they may also feed on broadleaf plants, garden vegetables, flowers and young shrubs.

In drought years, the damage shows even more because forage is already stressed. Grasshoppers often gather along field edges first, then move deeper into pastures as food runs short.

Young trees can suffer, too. Newly planted windbreaks, fruit trees and ornamental trees may lose a lot of foliage when grasshopper numbers are high.

What can you do?

No single solution eliminates grasshoppers, but several practices can reduce the damage.

Start with regular scouting. Walking fields every week in late spring and early summer lets you spot rising populations before serious feeding begins.

Good pasture management helps, too. Healthy, vigorous forage generally holds up to feeding better than drought-stressed or overgrazed pasture. Avoiding overgrazing leaves plants more leaf area to recover after insects feed.

Around gardens and homes, mowing tall weeds and unmanaged vegetation can reduce the places where grasshoppers feed and reproduce. It won’t stop an outbreak, but it can make your property less attractive to them.

Natural predators pitch in. Birds, wild turkeys, guineas, chickens, spiders, robber flies and praying mantises all eat grasshoppers. They rarely provide full control in outbreak years, but they help keep numbers lower in normal seasons.

Insecticides can work, but don’t treat them as an automatic solution. Treatment generally works best while most grasshoppers are still immature nymphs. By the time adults are flying, you may need repeated applications because new insects keep moving into treated areas.

Whether treatment pays often depends on how heavy the infestation is and how valuable the crop or pasture is. Extension recommendations commonly use population thresholds to help decide whether control is economically justified, rather than treating every field just because grasshoppers are present.

If you use insecticides, choose products labeled for the site, and follow all label directions on application rates, grazing restrictions and environmental precautions.

Once adult females start laying eggs in late summer, there is little you can do. Those eggs stay in the soil until spring, so early monitoring the next year matters even more after a big outbreak.

Grasshopper populations rarely stay at outbreak levels forever. Weather, predators, disease and natural cycles eventually bring numbers back down. In years that favor grasshoppers, though, producers who scout early and respond quickly usually fare far better than those who wait until the pasture appears to be moving.

No one can eliminate grasshoppers from the landscape, and no one should try. They are a natural part of the ecosystem and an important food source for many wildlife species. The goal is to hold damage to an acceptable level while protecting the long-term health of your pastures, crops and beneficial insects.

By the time grasshoppers are flying up with every step you take through the pasture, much of the damage is already done. The best defense starts weeks earlier, while the insects are young, populations are easier to manage and you have more options.

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