Farm & Ranch
[AgriLife Today] Texas crop and weather report for June 1
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By: Adam Russell
No “rain, rain, go away” from producers yet
COLLEGE STATION – Farmers aren’t too far removed from 2011 to say “rain, rain, go away,” but they also know too much of a good thing can be detrimental to crops, said Dusty Tittle, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service agent for Brazos County. Tittle said farmers won’t speak negatively about spring rains because of drought conditions that gripped the state five years ago, but they are aware of the problems associated with standing water, flooding and overall gloomy weather. “They remember the drought, but they also know too much water can be just as destructive,” he said. “Farmers don’t like extremes. They like middle of the road, but the pendulum is swinging from one side to the other.” Producers in Brazos County and surrounding areas have experienced damages including lost or stunted crops and washed away fences, Tittle said. However, he said, many crops in areas that drain are doing well with the moisture. The auction house had 298 head come to market when a typical weekend sale draws between 800-1,200 head, according to auction company staff. If producers choose to apply herbicides, pesticides and plant growth regulators to crops, Tittle said it would have to be by airplane for a while. Tittle said bottomland is so saturated that additional rains would likely leave more standing water. Signs of stress on corn due to too much water hasn’t been seen yet but there is concern rains may affect plant pollination. Fledgling cotton crops have suffered from too much water and too little sunshine as well, he said. “We really need sunshine and wind for an extended time,” he said. AgriLife Extension district reporters compiled the following summaries: CENTRAL: Heavy rainfall resulted in flooding, which washed out county and ranch roads. Damage to crops had not been determined, but losses were expected in newly planted cotton fields. Vegetable producers also faced issues. Bermuda grass needed to be harvested, but it may be some time before cutting can begin amid current conditions and more rain in the forecast. Stocker operators have moved nearly all their cattle off winter pasture to feedlots. Livestock were in good condition. Corn and grain sorghum remained good. Tanks, creeks and rivers were overflowing. Counties reported 100 percent good soil moisture. Overall range and pasture conditions were 100 percent good, and 80 percent of crops were in fair condition overall. ROLLING PLAINS: The district received plenty of moisture for farmers to begin planting and pastures looked lush and green. Some areas received severe weather, but no damages were reported. Total rainfall amounts were between 2-4 inches. Soil was saturated and should hold good moisture for several weeks. Cotton farmers were eager to begin planting as temperatures reached the mid-90s but only a small number of acres were planted. Planters should be in full force in cotton fields around the district soon. Wheat harvest was delayed in areas due to wet conditions. Sorghum planting was almost complete with good emergence. Livestock were in good condition with plenty of grazing. Stocker cattle have almost entirely been moved off wheat fields. Tanks were full and rivers were flowing. COASTAL BEND: Heavy rains were reported in many areas with additional rains in the forecast. Another round of major flooding occurred on the Colorado River with higher levels than reported a month ago, and many fields were at saturation point due to increased rainfall. Some cotton started to yellow and crop damage on some corn acreage was reported. Row and field crops continued to progress, though some wheat crops were expected to be a lost in the field. Herbicide applications on pastures were made in areas dry enough to access. Growth regulators need to be applied, but can only be done by air in some areas. Mosquitoes were flourishing. Hay harvests continued as weather permitted. Pasture conditions were wet but green and growing. Most livestock were in great condition, and calves were growing and gaining weight with access to ample grass. EAST: Flooding rains and high winds were reported in several counties across the region. Subsoil and topsoil conditions continued to be mostly adequate with only two counties reporting surplus. Trinity County reported up to 12 inches in several hours, which caused major flooding. Areas along the Trinity River were standing in water. Some culverts were washed out and bridges were damaged by log and other debris during flooding. Some residents could not reach their homes. Polk County reported damage to fences along creeks and rivers. San Augustine County had heavy rain, hail and high winds. Ponds were full. Pasture and range conditions continued to be mostly good. Fertilizer trucks were running hard before the rain. Pasture grass was making good growth with the warmer night temperatures and plentiful moisture. But weeds were plentiful for the same reasons. Conditions were too wet and windy to spray herbicides for weed control in Wood County. Producers started cutting hay where conditions allowed. Gardens were producing vegetables. Fruit trees were also producing. Livestock were doing fair to good. Producers continued to market cull cows and market-ready calves. The cattle market was down in Shelby County. Upshur County also reported beaver and gopher control taking place. Buffalo gnats were being pests with warmer temperatures and plenty of water for breeding. Feral hog activity was reported around the region. SOUTH PLAINS: Bailey County producers received scattered rainfall across the county. Cotton planting was winding down there with plants exhibiting good emergence. Corn progressed well. Borden County received 2.5 inches of rainfall. In Cochran County, sub and topsoil moisture levels were depleted with high winds and warm temperatures. Producers continued to plant. Pasture, rangeland and winter wheat were in need of additional moisture. Cattle were in good condition. Rainfall, ranging from 2-4 inches was reported across Garza County along with some hail that damaged roofs, vehicles and trees. Cotton planting was 30-40 percent complete. Hockley County had isolated thunderstorms. Field activities in Lubbock County included emergency tillage, planting and at-plant herbicide applications. As fields dried, farmers worked into the night and made excellent progress on planting crops. Planting conditions were mostly favorable. A cool front included 58 mile-per-hour wind gusts and rainfall amounts ranging from 0.14-0.53 of an inch with more rainfall in the forecast. Rainfall ranging from 0.5-1 inch was received in Mitchell County. Cotton producers worked hard in fields trying to plant before it rained. Scurry County reported 2-4 inches of rain with some hail. In Swisher County, hot dry days allowed farmers to plant cotton or replant cotton damaged by cool temperatures in mid-May. The county received 2 inches of rain. PANHANDLE: Temperatures were near normal. Some moisture was received. Amounts ranged from a trace amount up to 10 inches in some isolated areas. Hall County rains helped pastures but 4-10 inches in one night caused flooding and set crops back several weeks. Soil moisture continued to be rated mostly short to adequate. Rain in Collingsworth County added much needed soil moisture for planting. Hot, dry days aided the development of seeds in the ground. Some wheat fields received hail damage and were expected to be made into hay. Dallam and Hartley counties were warm and dry with no rainfall. Corn and cotton planting neared completion. Potatoes were all planted. The first alfalfa cutting was complete. Corn planting was wrapping up with the exception of late planted silage. Early plantings of corn were up to three or four leaf stage, and producers applied herbicides and fertilizers. They also began running pivots. Wheat crops were drying down and producers expected an early harvest. Wheat and triticale silage harvests were wrapping up with above average-yields being reported. Cotton planting was wrapping up with many dryland acres being “dusted” in. Planting considerations will have to be made in order to maximize cotton yield and potential. Most early planted cotton was up to a stand. Grain sorghum acres were going in but total acres were down this year due to the sugarcane aphid concerns. Cattle and range conditions improved. Wheeler County cotton producers neared completion of planting, but 1-3 inches of rain likely will mean some fields will have to be replanted. Some corn will also be replanted. NORTH: Topsoil moisture was adequate to surplus throughout the counties. Severe thunderstorms, high winds and rain totaling 1-2 inches were reported, and more rain was forecast. May has been wet with 7-11 inches for the month. Producers were able to get most of their hay rolled up, with some good quality and some not so good depending on how many times it got wet. Wheat and oat fields were wet with some lodging occurring in places. Producers hoped to see a break in the rain to allow harvest. Corn and milo continued to look pretty good despite the rain and standing water. Farmers scouted for aphids and worms. Cattle looked good on available forage. Producers continued to pull stockers off winter forage. Frequent rains raised humidity levels, which promoted fungus. Cooler temperatures helped reduced livestock stress but also increased problematic fly production. Wild hogs continued to cause costly damage. FAR WEST: Culberson County had high winds and hot temperatures with a little rain. Glasscock County was hit hard with several storms, one spawned a tornado that destroyed a home and hail that destroyed several hundred acres of cotton, corn, wheat and sorghum. The moisture received was good and cotton planting picked up significantly as fields dried. Howard County received severe storms that produced hail and rain. Pastures in Hudspeth County were starting to dry out and irrigation water was limited. Several storms passed through the county and produced high winds. Reagan County received rain, heavy storms, including hail, in the northern part of the county, however most cotton was not affected. Temperatures in Terrell County reached the upper 90s with high humidity and some precipitation. In Upton County, producers continued to harvest winter wheat, but some fields died due to heavy rains from two weeks ago. Replanting has begun. Damaged wheat will be put up in round bales. Parts of central and southern Ward County received scattered rainfall. Temperatures reached beyond 100 degrees with constant high winds, which dried out range conditions. Andrews County received heavy rains and greatly improved range and croplands. Winkler and Loving counties received no rain and were drying out quickly. Pastures in Crockett County were in great shape. Pasture and range conditions across the district were good. WEST CENTRAL: Days were warmer with mild nights. Heavy rainfall was reported in some areas and more was expected. Storms brought concentrated amounts of wind, rain, hail and lightning. Minimal hail damage was reported. Field activities were halted. Saturated fields and pastures were inaccessible to plant or harvest, and losses were expected. Cotton planting will be underway as conditions allow. Most wheat and oats were grazed out or baled. Remaining wheat and oats look very good, with good yields expected. Sorghum and corn crops were in excellent condition. First hay-cutting in Bermuda grass pastures was near. Range and pasture conditions continued to improve. Grasses were growing, and forage loads were high in most places. Most pastures were green and lush with excellent growth. Some pastures will take years to recover from overgrazing. Weeds were abundant where they were not managed. Flies were an issue as well. Stock tanks were full with many running over. Small creeks and rivers were on the rise with some flooding outside their banks. Livestock remained in fair to good condition. Cattle prices were steady. Cattle looked good, and most had calved or were ready. SOUTHEAST: Chambers County received rain, which delayed rice planting. There were still many acres of rice to be planted but very little time left to plant. In Fort Bend County, additional rains continued to saturate the area. Cattle producers with low-lying areas moved animals to higher ground because of expected flooding. Pastures were in fair to good condition. In Waller County, heavy rains flooded many fields and crops. The Brazos River was out of its banks and flooded nearby fields. In Brazos County, excessive rainfall caused flooding in low lying areas and some fields were standing in water. Crop losses were expected as a result. Heavy rains in Harris County kept pastures in overall poor condition. Soil moisture levels throughout the region varied widely, mostly in the adequate to surplus range with surplus being the most common. Waller, Fort Bend, Galveston, Brazos and San Jacinto counties reported 100 percent surplus. Rangeland and pasture ratings varied widely too, mostly from excellent to good, with fair ratings being the most common. SOUTHWEST: Field conditions were extremely wet following 1-8 inches of rain. Moisture and humidity slowed small grain harvest and could lead to increased fungal diseases and pests. Some crops were damaged by high winds and hail. Livestock producers like the grass growth. Livestock were in good condition, and late lambing and kidding continues. Stomach worms in sheep and goats were beginning to appear. SOUTH: Weather conditions throughout the district were hot, humid and cloudy with some rainfall occurring in areas. Conditions were good for crops in the Atascosa County area. Rain fell across the county, which delayed the remaining wheat harvest but was beneficial for pastures and planted crops. Irrigation pivots were relatively idol. Corn was in good condition with 100 percent of the crop planted, emerged and silking. Sixty percent of oat crops have been harvested throughout Frio County. Sorghum and winter wheat crops were doing well. Rainfall across Live Oak and McMullen counties varied from 1-5 inches and improved soil moisture levels. Range and pasture conditions improved as well. Pasture conditions still lagged in some areas with no rain. Cattle body condition scores were good. Supplemental feeding declined. Soil moisture conditions were mostly adequate with Atascosa County reporting 70-90 percent adequate, Frio County reporting 100 percent adequate subsoil and 75 percent surplus topsoil moistures. Soil moisture conditions were 90 percent adequate in McMullen County and 70 percent short in Live Oak County. Pastures in Brooks County remained at a decent stage but could use more rain. The number of cattle at the sale barn was high considering a downward trend over recent weeks. Corn crops and range and pastures were in good condition in Jim Wells County. No significant rain fell in Kleberg and Kenedy counties but rain was forecast. Soil moisture conditions were 100 percent adequate throughout Brooks, Jim Wells, Kleberg and Kenedy counties. Conditions remained favorable for forage production in western portions of the district, with timely rains but more was needed as summer looms. In Maverick County, conditions were mostly cloudy and humid with some light rainfall. Rangeland remained green with all the past rain. Coastal bales of Bermuda grass, round or square, were already available for market. The second cut of the year should occur in June. Weather conditions were cool and range and pasture conditions were recovering as a result of a few inches of rain in recent weeks. In Zapata County, conditions were hot, humid and cloudy with light drizzle. Pastures still looked good and healthy in some areas of the county and stable in others. Rainfall had been inconsistent though. Some areas received rain and others received nothing. In Zavala County, conditions were finally good enough for cucumber harvest and cultivation activities of some crops. Corn made good progress. Cotton also developed well. Oat and wheat harvest was expected to be completed soon. Range and pastures continued to provide good, quality forage for livestock. These conditions were expected to continue for a while due to abundant soil moisture. Also in Zavala County, pecans did well without added irrigation water. Crop irrigation in the southern part of the district was very active. Crop conditions were good. The corn crop was 100 percent planted, emerged and silking. Cotton crops were also 100 percent planted and squaring. Sorghum crops remained in good condition. Range and pastures remained in good condition. Soil moisture conditions remained 90-100 percent adequate. -30-
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By Tony Dean
Tumble windmillgrass is a short, compact perennial bunch grass that is adapted to almost every corner of Texas. It can grow on almost any soil, but prefers coarse textured soils.
The most obvious characteristic about Tumble windmill is its large seed head sporting 10 to 16 laterally spreading branches, each approximately two to six inches long, arranged in one to three whorls.
When mature, the seed head will break off and be caught up in the wind, making Tumble windmill one of the great wanderers of the plains. It can tumble great distances, spreading itself in the process. This wanderer seems to like parking in your garage on windy days, as well as dancing around windy corners of buildings and any other place the wind decides to carry it.
Tumble windmill can also spread by short stolons. The upper leaves are very short, while the lower leaves are often much longer. The leaves are light green with a purplish seed head that fades to pale reddish at maturity.
Tumble windmillgrass provides poor forage for livestock and wildlife, although most grazers will use the forage in early spring when tender.
Since Tumble windmill can grow in poor soil conditions, it is useful as a component for a prairie grass mix used on disturbed areas. This grass does not usually dominate a pasture but can often be found in smaller amounts. Proper grazing use along with rotational grazing can cause the plant to be replaced with higher successional plants.
Unless you are a fan of Dickens and Doyle, geese probably aren’t the first thing that comes to mind when you think of poultry. But maybe they should be. And the aim of this article is to get you acquainted with the aristocrat of poultry.
Let’s start with the basics. Geese are domesticated waterfowl. Twelve breeds are recognized by the American Poultry Association, but dozens more are available. Much like ducks, all domestic geese breeds descend from two species. The overwhelming majority of breeds originate from Greylag geese (Anser anser). This species is native to Europe and Central Asia. These are the stockier, heavy geese that feature prominently in German fairy tales as a symbol of wealth and which Victorians loved to consume at Christmas. These geese come in various sizes, colors and dispositions. Here are a few examples: Cotton Patch geese are a small, variably-colored, extremely heat tolerant landrace native to the South. These were raised to consume weeds in cotton fields in the days before commercial herbicides. They are quite rare today and lay a variable number of eggs. American Buff geese are medium-sized, tan colored, very docile geese of uncertain origin. They are excellent meat birds. They are decent layers and wonderful mothers. Toulouse geese are the largest breed at up to thirty pounds. This ancient French breed is dark grey in color. They are bred to become very fat and so must be managed carefully to maintain fertility. They are very gentle, but require somewhat more shelter than other breeds.
A native of parts of China, Mongolia and Russia, the Swan Goose (Anser cygnoides) gave us both the Chinese goose and the African goose. Both have large bulbs on their heads and are similarly colored, but are otherwise very different. African geese are quite large, maturing at around twenty pounds and prized for their meat. These gentle giants are often recommended for beginners. Chinese geese are the egg champions of the goose family. They produce multiple clutches in a year, equaling up to a hundred eggs annually. They are small geese with males weighing about twelve pounds and females ten. They are nervous and the loudest breed, but this makes them suburb as “watch geese” and perhaps the best all-purpose breed.
Now that we are a bit acquainted with various breeds, we can find out just why someone may want to keep geese. Before we go over their benefits, you may be surprised to learn something surprising about geese. Geese are so rarely seen in the United States today that they can seem unusual, even exotic. As such, you may reasonably expect that geese are hard to manage, require expensive feeds and must be waited on hand and foot. The surprise is that geese are actually significantly easier to take care of than chickens. In fact, I would venture to day that geese are the lowest maintenance poultry there are.
Geese are unique among poultry in that the vast majority of their diet is made up of grass. Some meat birds are raised entirely on grass. It may be a good idea to supplement their grass with some chicken feed and scratch grains, but you will find that, when grass is plentiful, they will generally not bother with anything else. Geese are excellent pasture birds. A simple wire pen that can be moved every other day is enough to keep them happy. Unlike chickens, geese do not scratch up a yard and are not nearly as messy as ducks. If moved promptly, the area they occupied will swiftly grow back greener, thanks to all the free fertilizer, which they produce in abundance. Few geese can fly with any proficiency and even then, only when they are young. One wing’s feathers can be easily clipped, if their escape is a concern.
Geese are also almost absurdly hardy. They not only love rain, they seldom if ever go inside. Shade and perhaps a windbreak are their only real needs for shelter. In sub-freezing temperatures, they will scorn a shed and simply sit in the snow. There is a reason that goose down is so valued for comforters. It is extremely good at keeping them warm. The clever little birds know exactly when they need to bend down over their feet to keep them warm and hide their heads under their wings for the same purpose. In the summer, geese require shade and access to water at all times, but are otherwise unbothered. Geese keep their bodies very clean and are, owing to a small oil gland and their meticulous grooming, waterproof. They will soil water almost instantly, so do not worry about keeping it clean, just be sure they have enough. Without water, they may die in the heat and regardless (like ducks) cannot keep their bills and eyes clean, which could cause disease. Provide multiple water tubs to reduce fighting. Geese will dig up the mud around their waterers, so they should be moved each time they are filled. They will appear to be eating the mud, but are actually filtering it in the water through the serration in their bills. This is to find food, as well as small rocks for their gizzards. With a bit of caution, geese will weed a garden for you and clean it up at the end of the season.
Geese need little more from you than water, basic protection from predators and grass. In return, they offer a number of benefits.
In the first place, Geese offer a dark, rich, beef-like meat. Geese are often butchered between twelve and twenty weeks old. At this time, their weight will vary by breed, but as an example, the commonly raised meat breed Pilgrim geese will weigh around thirteen pounds. The carcass weight will be about sixty to seventy percent of the live weight. If one cares to process it, goose fat is highly valued in the culinary world and contains almost no saturated fat. It is comparable to olive oil and may be used in the same applications.
Especially if you have selected the Chinese goose, eggs are another offering of your new favorite poultry. These eggs are roughly the equivalent of three chicken eggs. A fried goose egg, sausage or bacon and a pancake makes a very nice dinner or hearty breakfast. Alternatively, you can incubate and hatch goose eggs quite easily. The goslings are so valuable that it’s a wiser financial move to only consume the first couple of eggs laid in the spring, which are usually infertile. Goose eggs are easily candled without any special equipment. Infertile eggs or those that die early on can be blown out and made into painted or dyed eggs.
If you hate waste, and wish to use all but the “honk,” so to speak, the feet are rich in collagen and highly prized in the rest of the world. The liver of a goose is extremely healthy and famous as foie gras. A more familiar byproduct of butchering is down, which can be made into extremely valuable bedding. Be sure to clean and dry feathers carefully first. If raised by hand and handled very often, geese will be quite friendly to their owners and make loyal pets. Some people will actually hold their geese in their laps and gently pluck the down from their flock.
Lastly, geese are often kept as watch animals. Geese are extremely observant night and day and will loudly complain when they see something unfamiliar anywhere in the vicinity. It takes a very short time to learn the difference between the normal sounds of geese and the sound of their panic. Please know that while they may scare away small predators and they are nearly always too big for hawks, a goose is largely defenseless against most predators. Keeping geese near a livestock guardian dog is a great idea. The extremely intelligent birds will rapidly learn the dogs are a source of safety and will alert the dogs to anything they see as a threat. Geese can usually be kept with other poultry without problems. They will not directly protect their avian brethren, but the others will learn to hide when the more observant geese voice a concern. In mixed flocks, the noble geese stride around the yard, aristocracy among poultry.
Geese are immensely versatile, the most low-maintenance poultry there is and should have a place on any property.
Few machines have reshaped livestock operations as much as the round baler. Before its arrival, haymaking was slow, labor-intensive, and limited by the storage and handling of small square bales. The round baler mechanized the process, producing large rolls that could be handled with tractors instead of back-breaking labor. Today, those big bales are a familiar sight across Oklahoma, Texas, and much of the world, stacked along fence lines or dotting pastures.
The modern round baler traces back to the mid-20th century. While early versions of hay-rolling machines appeared in Europe in the 1940s and 1950s, it was a man from Iowa who brought the design into practical use in America. In 1971, Vermeer Corporation, led by Gary Vermeer, introduced the first large round baler that could be mass-produced and widely adopted. His design gathered hay into a chamber, rolled it into a tight cylindrical package, and then wrapped it with twine before ejecting it onto the ground.
This solved a long-standing bottleneck. Small square bales required enormous labor — lifting, stacking, hauling, and feeding by hand. One person with a tractor and round baler could do in hours what once took a crew all day. The new bales were weather-resistant, stored easily outdoors, and reduced spoilage. They also fit well with the larger scale of modern cattle operations.
By the 1980s, other manufacturers such as John Deere, New Holland, and Case IH offered their own models. Improvements included variable chamber sizes, better pickup systems, and stronger tying methods. Round balers quickly became the standard for beef and dairy producers in Oklahoma, Texas, and beyond.
Though models vary, the principle remains the same. The baler picks up cut hay from the windrow and feeds it into a chamber with belts, rollers, or chains. As the hay circulates, it rolls into a tight cylinder. Once the bale reaches the set size — often 4×5 or 5×6 feet, weighing between 800 and 1,200 pounds — the machine stops feeding, and the bale is wrapped for storage.
The result is a dense, weather-resistant package that can be moved with a tractor spear or loader. Unlike small square bales that require dry storage, round bales can be stacked outdoors, especially when wrapped correctly.
The biggest evolution in round baling since its invention has been the way bales are bound. Early machines used only twine, usually sisal or synthetic. Twine is inexpensive and reliable, but it has drawbacks. Wrapping a bale with twine can take up to two minutes, slowing production. Twine also leaves more exposed surface area, allowing moisture to penetrate and spoil hay.
Net wrap was introduced in the 1990s as a solution. Made of high-strength polyethylene, it wraps the bale quickly — usually in 10 to 20 seconds — and covers more surface area. This tighter, more uniform wrap sheds water better and reduces spoilage, especially for bales stored outside. Net-wrapped bales also hold their shape better, making them easier to stack and transport.
Producers must weigh cost against efficiency. Net wrap is more expensive than twine, both in material and in required equipment, but many ranchers find the savings in time and hay quality worth the investment. Twine remains common for operations feeding hay quickly or storing it under cover, while net wrap dominates in large-scale or commercial setups.
In recent years, bale film wrap has also entered the market. Similar to plastic used in silage, film wrap can seal bales almost completely, reducing spoilage even further. While more expensive, it is gaining ground in wet climates and dairies where feed quality is critical.
The round baler is more than a machine — it changed the rhythm of haymaking. Producers can now harvest, bale, and store hundreds of tons of hay with a fraction of the labor once required. In regions like Oklahoma and North Texas, where cattle herds are large and hay is often stored outdoors, round balers became indispensable.
The machine also influenced land use. With the ability to bale quickly and efficiently, ranchers could harvest larger fields and manage forage with precision. It also reduced dependence on hired labor during peak hay season, a major benefit as rural populations declined.
While square balers still have their place — especially for horse hay and small-scale operations — round bales remain the workhorse of modern cattle ranching.
From its introduction in the 1970s to its widespread adoption today, the round baler has proven to be one of the most influential farm inventions of the last century. It solved the labor bottleneck of haymaking, improved storage and feed efficiency, and fit seamlessly into the mechanization of modern agriculture.
Whether wrapped in twine, net, or film, those big round bales are more than just scenery on a country road. They are symbols of an innovation that continues to save time, labor, and feed across ranch country. Like the steel plow, barbed wire, and windmill, the round baler is an invention that permanently changed the way we work the land.
References
Vermeer Corporation. History of the Round Baler. https://www.vermeer.com
John Deere Equipment. Hay and Forage History. https://www.deere.com
Oklahoma State University Extension. Hay Storage and Preservation.
Texas A&M AgriLife Extension. Net Wrap vs. Twine for Round Bales.
Farm Progress. “Round Balers: The Machine That Changed Haymaking.”
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