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[AgriLife Today] AgriLife Extension offers management options for sugarcane aphids in the High Plains

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By: Kay Ledbetter

Writer: Kay Ledbetter, 806-677-5608, [email protected]
Contact: Dr. Ed Bynum, 806-677-5600, [email protected]

AMARILLO – Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service entomologists are trying to help producers prepare for the likelihood of the sugarcane aphid on the Texas High Plains in 2016.


Dr. Ed Bynum, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service entomologist in Amarillo, looks at sugarcane aphids covering a leaf during a 2015 sorghum field day. (Texas A&M AgriLife Communications photo by Kay Ledbetter)

The first step will be to make sure all producers are able to identify the sugarcane aphid and know the difference between other insects out there that look very similar, such as the greenbug, Bynum said. The sugarcane aphid has dark cornicles, tips of antennae and feet, and no stripe down its back; the greenbug doesn’t.

He said all sugarcane aphids are females. They live an average of 28 days, are born pregnant and have a live birth. The new aphids only take four to 12 days before they become an adult and can start giving birth to one to three offspring a day.

Sugarcane aphids feeding on a sorghum leaf left a shiny sticky honeydew behind and a black sooty mold is beginning to show. (Texas A&M AgriLife Communications photo by Kay Ledbetter)

Their damage is caused by the piercing sucking mouthparts, Bynum said. This action puts the plant in poor health and can keep it from fully developing. Excess plant sap during feeding is bypassed out on to the leaves as a sticky substance called honeydew. A black sooty mold will grow on the honeydew causing a reduction of photosynthesis.

Excessive feeding can cause significant yield loss and weakens the stalk, predisposing it to lodging, he said.

Persistent populations can exist on sorghum, johnsongrass, Sudan grass, pearl millet and broomcorn. Non-persistent populations can be found on sugarcane, corn, large crabgrass, barnyard grass, Japanese millet, napier grass. It does not establish on wheat, oats and rye.

Bynum said arrival time of the insect determines the risk. If the sugarcane aphids show up in the pre-boot stage of the crop, 81-100 percent yield loss can be expected if not treated. If the arrival occurs at the boot stage, the potential yield loss could be 52-69 percent; at panicle emergence, 67 percent; and at soft dough stage, 21 percent.


Sugarcane aphids can multiply rapidly if sorghum fields are left untreated. (Texas A&M AgriLife Communications photo by Kay Ledbetter)

It is still uncertain whether sugarcane aphids overwinter in the southern High Plains, so AgriLife Extension has nine overwintering monitoring sites set up from Dalhart down to San Angelo. He said they will begin checking the cages in April in both the South Plains and the Panhandle. If no aphids are found, the cages will be checked again in May and June.

Bynum said in field trials at Lubbock last season, there was a 74 percent yield loss between treated and untreated sorghum at the boot stage.

“If you start seeing physical damage to the field or crop canopy, you have a heavy infestation already,” he said.

The options to avoid damage are: plant outside the normal planting window; use insecticide seed treatments; plant resistant hybrids and determine when to treat.

“If you plant early, the field could be in later growth stages when aphids arrive, which would have less risk of being severely damaged,” Bynum said.

Lady beetles are one of the beneficial insects that feed on sugarcane aphids. (Texas A&M AgriLife Communications photo by Kay Ledbetter)

The early planted sorghum may reach the boot or flowering stage before a mid-June aphid arrival, while standard planted sorghum would be in the whorl to pre-boot stage, he said. An August to September aphid arrival would allow early planted sorghum to escape damage until grain filling, while a standard planting would have the crop in the boot to flowering stage. Late-planted sorghum would be in the whorl stage.

The later the infestation, he said, the more beneficial insects might be out, lessening the need for chemical control. Also, the aphid reproduction may slow with shorter days and cooler nights.

Lady beetle eggs found on the same leaves as sugarcane aphids can indicate there will be beneficial insect control. (Texas A&M AgriLife Communications photo by Kay Ledbetter)

“Our best recommendation is to plant early,” Bynum said. “Use insecticide seed treatments on all sorghum, regardless of planting date. And then be ready to treat if needed.”

He said there are some commercial hybrids that have shown to be less susceptible to the sugarcane aphid than other hybrids, but this level of resistance may not prevent aphids from causing yield losses.

So producers need to monitor and treat just like susceptible hybrids. However, Bynum said if the resistant or tolerant hybrid is a good yielding hybrid and fits in the farming operations, then it could provide enough protection to prevent significant yield loss and reduce the number of insecticide applications compared to a susceptible hybrid.

“We have not been able to evaluate the tolerant or resistant hybrids being sold to know just what level of protection they provide,” he said. “So, contact your seed dealer to find out which of these hybrids they recommend for the highest yield potential.”

The revised threshold for the Texas High Plains is to treat when: 20 percent of plants have aphids in the pre-boot stage; 20 percent of the plants have no more than 50 aphids in the boot stage; and 30 percent in the flowering, soft dough and dough stages, Bynum said.

“Look for small colonies and patches of honeydew,” he said. “It’s a numbers game. If you have five aphids one day, by the time you can schedule a sprayer in a week, you have 250. Act quickly.”

Producers should check for reinfestation after four to seven days, Bynum said.

“If you only kill 90 percent with the first treatment, they will start building back up on you quickly,” he said. “We recommend you scout at least two times per week because of how fast they can build back up.”

“At black layer, you don’t want them moving into the head and causing honeydew and harvest problems,” Bynum said.

Currently Sivanto is the only effective labeled insecticide that is safe for beneficial insects, he said. The label for Transform, also effective, was cancelled by the Environmental Protection Agency. The Texas Department of Agriculture has submitted a request to get a Section 18 for its use in treating sugarcane aphid and provide producers with another option.

Predator and parasite numbers may not be able to initially prevent damaging sugarcane aphid buildup, but they could prevent the need for a second application, Bynum said.

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Farm & Ranch

Texas FFA State Vice President Weston Parr

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Future Farmers of America was founded by a group of farmers in 1928 with the mission of preparing the next generation of agriculture. It has done just that during its 95-year history, as the organization works to give back to others by following its motto, “learning to do, doing to learn, earning to live, living to serve.”

FFA is an organization made up of state associations, and at the helm of the Texas FFA is a team of 12 officers representing their respective areas within the Lone Star State. These individuals dedicate a year of their lives as they serve members, provide leadership, and work together with the state staff and board of directors to develop policy and lead the organization of over 177,000 members.

North Texas is represented by Area IV and Area IV, stretching from Wilbarger County to Bell County and from Runnels County to Grayson County. This year, those chosen to lead this great area are State President Isaac Hawkins Jr., Area IV, and State Vice President Weston Parr, Area V.

Parr is from the Sam Rayburn FFA chapter and the Area V Association, but the leader who now serves more than 19,100 members of Area V entered the FFA organization as a shy teenager who sat in the back of the room.

“I didn’t talk to a whole lot of people. I didn’t know what I wanted to do with my life or where I could see myself, so I wasn’t involved on my high school campus,” Parr recalled.

“Then I started FFA and slowly but surely, my ag teachers worked me into attending more contests, meeting new people, and speaking. I remember the first time I gave an officer speech to my chapter. I can still remember how embarrassing it was. To see the progression from that moment to speaking on stage at the state convention in front of thousands of people. Now I feel like I can enter the industry I want and be successful all because of what FFA afforded me for five years.”

There is not much Parr did not do during his time in high school. His contest participation included chapter conducting, wool judging, cotton judging, wildlife, and job interview, but his favorite was extemporaneous speaking, which he did not start until his senior year of high school.

“I wish I could go back to my freshman, sophomore, and junior years and start that sooner. I think if I had more time, I would have been more successful than I already was, but that was something I didn’t realize I liked at the time. I’m not naturally somebody who likes to speak in public, but it was actually my favorite,” Parr said.

Parr won several awards during his time competing. In 2023 alone, Parr earned the Texas FFA Service-Learning Proficiency title, was a National FFA Service-Learning Proficiency finalist, and a Texas FFA Extemporaneous Speaking finalist. In addition to his CDE and LDE events during high school, he showed commercial steers at Houston, and boilers at most major shows, participated in the county show with projects in ag mechanics, showed goats from time to time, and showed heifers until graduation.

“FFA provides invaluable resources and knowledge to be successful once you leave high school and you are out of the blue jacket for the first time. I have been a part of a lot of great organizations over the years, and they are all great in their own way, but in my opinion, FFA is the most successful at producing members of society who want to go and do something with themselves,” Parr said.

He was halfway through his time as Area V Association President and attending the national convention when he began to ponder the idea of running for state office.

“This is around the time when you usually figure out if you want to go through and be a state officer or you decide that area officer is your last run. I was unsure of where I wanted to go, but I knew I didn’t want to be done with FFA. I decided maybe it would be a good opportunity not only for me to make more friendships and connections, but also to give back to the program that allowed me to be able to do what I can do today,” Parr explained.

To read more, pick up a copy of the May issue of NTFR magazine. To subscribe by mail, call 940-872-5922.

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Farm & Ranch

Texas FFA State President Isaac Hawkins, Jr.

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FFA is an organization made up of state associations, and at the helm of the Texas FFA is a team of 12 officers representing their respective areas within the Lone Star State. These individuals dedicate a year of their lives as they serve members, provide leadership, and work together with the state staff and board of directors to develop policy and lead the organization of over 177,000 members.

North Texas is represented by Area IV and Area IV, stretching from Wilbarger County to Bell County and from Runnels County to Grayson County. This year, those chosen to lead this great area are State President Isaac Hawkins Jr., Area IV, and State Vice President Weston Parr, Area V.

These young leaders share a drive to give back to the organization that has given to them as they work to support FFA members while preparing for a future in the agricultural industry.

From the 12 selected representatives, delegates elect a president and first vice president, with the remaining 10 serving as vice presidents from their respective area associations. The selection process consists of a popular vote by delegates at the state convention, which accounts for 40 percent of the decision, and a committee process that includes a written knowledge exam, worth 10 percent, and an interview, accounting for 50 percent. This year, after all was said and done, Hawkins was named this year’s Texas FFA President.

Hawkins grew up as part of a large, blended family with five sisters and three brothers. While he says he did not grow up in agriculture, his youth was spent outside fishing and doing all things outdoors with his father, whom he calls his best friend. As he entered Hirschi High School in Wichita Falls, Hawkins knew he wanted to be a vet but was unsure of what courses to take to set himself on that path.

“I signed up for ag principals just because they had animals in the description. The first day of class we talked about churning butter, and I went to my school counselor that same day and told her to change my schedule immediately, but she refused. She made me stay there,” Hawkins laughed. “Luckily, I had an incredible ag teacher, and she really helped me to fall in love with the program.”

To read more, pick up a copy of the May issue of NTFR magazine. To subscribe by mail, call 940-872-5922.

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Farm & Ranch

Hazards of Backyard Poultry

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By Barry Whitworth, DVM

Having backyard poultry is a popular agriculture enterprise. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, 0.8 percent of all households in the United States have chickens. People keep chickens for a variety of reasons with table eggs being one of the more common reasons.

Unfortunately, some of these poultry producers are not aware of the hazards that come with keeping poultry because many times they carry pathogens but appear healthy.
Chickens are carriers of several zoonotic diseases. These are diseases that can be passed from animals to humans. According to a recent survey in Pennsylvania, a majority of backyard poultry producers were aware of the dangers of avian influenza. However, this study also revealed that far fewer producers were aware of the risk of possible exposure to Salmonella and Campylobacter.

The lack of knowledge about the hazards of raising poultry likely contributes to the continued issues of Salmonella outbreaks associated with backyard poultry. In 2023, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported 1,072 illnesses of Salmonella linked to backyard poultry, and 272 of those patients required hospitalization. Oklahoma reported 43 individuals with the disease.

To read more, pick up a copy of the April issue of NTFR magazine. To subscribe by mail, call 940-872-5922.

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