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Texas A&M cotton study identifies fiber length, strength traits

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By: Kay Ledbetter

Ongoing effort to utilize genotyping in cotton breeding advancements

Writer: Kay Ledbetter, 806-677-5608, [email protected]
Contact: Dr. Wayne Smith, 979-845-3450, [email protected]

COLLEGE STATION – Texas A&M University soil and crop sciences department and Texas A&M AgriLife Research are looking at using molecular tools as a solution to the world cotton market’s demand for longer, stronger fibers for spinning and weaving.

Dr. Wayne Smith, associate soil and crops sciences department head in College Station, and his graduate student Kari Hugie, said their ongoing project may not be seeing big dividends right now, but could be pavingthe way for the future.

Smith said upland cotton accounts for the majority of cotton fiber production worldwide. The global market places value on longer and stronger fibers, mandating U.S. breeders develop cultivars to meet this demand and remain competitive with man-made fibers.

One challenge breeders face concerning the improvement of fiber quality traits is low genetic diversity among elite, agronomically acceptable genotypes of upland cotton. The use of DNA marker-assisted selection could help breeders access unexploited genetic diversity as well as facilitate the simultaneous improvement of both yield and fiber quality traits, he said.

Recent quantitative trait loci, or QTL, mapping studies have led to the discovery of hundreds of QTL for fiber length and strength, and many of them show promise for use in marker-assisted selection, Smith said.

However, there are few reports of public programs utilizing marker-assisted selection for the improvement of fiber quality traits, he said. In general, there has been inconsistency among QTL discovered across studies and the QTL discovered generally are considered specific to the mapping populations in which they were discovered. Both are major obstacles preventing the use of marker-assisted selection for fiber quality.

Smith, along with Hugie, a Cotton Incorporated Fellow and doctoral student, began the project, “Identification of Robust Microsatellite Markers for Fiber Quality in Gossypium hirsutum,” to determine which of the publically available markers can be used in marker-assisted improvement of fiber quality in his program.

“The U.S. exports most of its cotton, because companies find it more economical to export our fiber, process it in other countries, and then import the finished textiles back into the U.S.,” Hugie said. “Thus, the U.S. now competes with raw cotton production globally, and improved fiber length will help our producers compete in this global marketplace.”

Hugie said in her research, she was looking for segments of DNA on cotton chromosomes related to fiber length and strength.

“We were looking for landmarks, or DNA markers, on chromosomes that we could use to identify these traits,” she said. “Instead of harvesting the cotton and sending fibers to a lab for fiber quality analysis to get information on length and strength, maybe we could just obtain the DNA and harvest only desirable plants without having to harvest the undesirable plants and thus save labor cost and improve breeding efficiency.

“What we found were DNA markers that are stably associated with fiber quality traits across diverse genetic backgrounds in the breeding program, but individually they really don’t increase length or strength tremendously,” Hugie said.

“But, research continues at Texas A&M with Dr. Hongbin Zhang and others to identify multiple QTL that together could provide selection techniques giving major improvements,” Smith said.

Zhang is professor of plant genomics and systems biology and director of the Laboratory for Plant Genomics and Molecular Genetics in College Station.

The study screened a total of 223 publically available DNA markers. Of that number, 55 markers were significantly associated with fiber length and 50 markers were significantly associated with fiber strength. Those numbers were narrowed down to subsets of three or four markers, which were then used in the selection of progeny rows across three different populations in the breeding program, Hugie said.

There was a significant difference in the mean fiber length and fiber strength between marker selected and non-selected progeny rows, she said. They also observed a differential response to marker-assisted selection across the three populations, which most likely is attributable to genetic background effects.

Still, Hugie said, the results demonstrate that the identified markers for fiber length and strength are reasonably stable across diverse genetic backgrounds.

“Our results suggest that the current, publicly available markers for fiber quality QTL are not yet a cost-effective alternative to field-based selection for the improvement of fiber quality considering the minor increase in trait means observed and the small amount of variation in length and strength accounted for by the markers,” Smith said.

“As genotyping costs continue to decrease relative to phenotyping costs, molecular breeding approaches that better capture phenotypic variation across different genetic backgrounds, such as mapping-as-you-go and genomic selection, may prove to be more efficient and cost effective methods for the improvement of fiber quality in cotton,” he said.

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Farm & Ranch

Texas FFA State Vice President Weston Parr

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Future Farmers of America was founded by a group of farmers in 1928 with the mission of preparing the next generation of agriculture. It has done just that during its 95-year history, as the organization works to give back to others by following its motto, “learning to do, doing to learn, earning to live, living to serve.”

FFA is an organization made up of state associations, and at the helm of the Texas FFA is a team of 12 officers representing their respective areas within the Lone Star State. These individuals dedicate a year of their lives as they serve members, provide leadership, and work together with the state staff and board of directors to develop policy and lead the organization of over 177,000 members.

North Texas is represented by Area IV and Area IV, stretching from Wilbarger County to Bell County and from Runnels County to Grayson County. This year, those chosen to lead this great area are State President Isaac Hawkins Jr., Area IV, and State Vice President Weston Parr, Area V.

Parr is from the Sam Rayburn FFA chapter and the Area V Association, but the leader who now serves more than 19,100 members of Area V entered the FFA organization as a shy teenager who sat in the back of the room.

“I didn’t talk to a whole lot of people. I didn’t know what I wanted to do with my life or where I could see myself, so I wasn’t involved on my high school campus,” Parr recalled.

“Then I started FFA and slowly but surely, my ag teachers worked me into attending more contests, meeting new people, and speaking. I remember the first time I gave an officer speech to my chapter. I can still remember how embarrassing it was. To see the progression from that moment to speaking on stage at the state convention in front of thousands of people. Now I feel like I can enter the industry I want and be successful all because of what FFA afforded me for five years.”

There is not much Parr did not do during his time in high school. His contest participation included chapter conducting, wool judging, cotton judging, wildlife, and job interview, but his favorite was extemporaneous speaking, which he did not start until his senior year of high school.

“I wish I could go back to my freshman, sophomore, and junior years and start that sooner. I think if I had more time, I would have been more successful than I already was, but that was something I didn’t realize I liked at the time. I’m not naturally somebody who likes to speak in public, but it was actually my favorite,” Parr said.

Parr won several awards during his time competing. In 2023 alone, Parr earned the Texas FFA Service-Learning Proficiency title, was a National FFA Service-Learning Proficiency finalist, and a Texas FFA Extemporaneous Speaking finalist. In addition to his CDE and LDE events during high school, he showed commercial steers at Houston, and boilers at most major shows, participated in the county show with projects in ag mechanics, showed goats from time to time, and showed heifers until graduation.

“FFA provides invaluable resources and knowledge to be successful once you leave high school and you are out of the blue jacket for the first time. I have been a part of a lot of great organizations over the years, and they are all great in their own way, but in my opinion, FFA is the most successful at producing members of society who want to go and do something with themselves,” Parr said.

He was halfway through his time as Area V Association President and attending the national convention when he began to ponder the idea of running for state office.

“This is around the time when you usually figure out if you want to go through and be a state officer or you decide that area officer is your last run. I was unsure of where I wanted to go, but I knew I didn’t want to be done with FFA. I decided maybe it would be a good opportunity not only for me to make more friendships and connections, but also to give back to the program that allowed me to be able to do what I can do today,” Parr explained.

To read more, pick up a copy of the May issue of NTFR magazine. To subscribe by mail, call 940-872-5922.

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Farm & Ranch

Texas FFA State President Isaac Hawkins, Jr.

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FFA is an organization made up of state associations, and at the helm of the Texas FFA is a team of 12 officers representing their respective areas within the Lone Star State. These individuals dedicate a year of their lives as they serve members, provide leadership, and work together with the state staff and board of directors to develop policy and lead the organization of over 177,000 members.

North Texas is represented by Area IV and Area IV, stretching from Wilbarger County to Bell County and from Runnels County to Grayson County. This year, those chosen to lead this great area are State President Isaac Hawkins Jr., Area IV, and State Vice President Weston Parr, Area V.

These young leaders share a drive to give back to the organization that has given to them as they work to support FFA members while preparing for a future in the agricultural industry.

From the 12 selected representatives, delegates elect a president and first vice president, with the remaining 10 serving as vice presidents from their respective area associations. The selection process consists of a popular vote by delegates at the state convention, which accounts for 40 percent of the decision, and a committee process that includes a written knowledge exam, worth 10 percent, and an interview, accounting for 50 percent. This year, after all was said and done, Hawkins was named this year’s Texas FFA President.

Hawkins grew up as part of a large, blended family with five sisters and three brothers. While he says he did not grow up in agriculture, his youth was spent outside fishing and doing all things outdoors with his father, whom he calls his best friend. As he entered Hirschi High School in Wichita Falls, Hawkins knew he wanted to be a vet but was unsure of what courses to take to set himself on that path.

“I signed up for ag principals just because they had animals in the description. The first day of class we talked about churning butter, and I went to my school counselor that same day and told her to change my schedule immediately, but she refused. She made me stay there,” Hawkins laughed. “Luckily, I had an incredible ag teacher, and she really helped me to fall in love with the program.”

To read more, pick up a copy of the May issue of NTFR magazine. To subscribe by mail, call 940-872-5922.

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Farm & Ranch

Hazards of Backyard Poultry

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By Barry Whitworth, DVM

Having backyard poultry is a popular agriculture enterprise. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, 0.8 percent of all households in the United States have chickens. People keep chickens for a variety of reasons with table eggs being one of the more common reasons.

Unfortunately, some of these poultry producers are not aware of the hazards that come with keeping poultry because many times they carry pathogens but appear healthy.
Chickens are carriers of several zoonotic diseases. These are diseases that can be passed from animals to humans. According to a recent survey in Pennsylvania, a majority of backyard poultry producers were aware of the dangers of avian influenza. However, this study also revealed that far fewer producers were aware of the risk of possible exposure to Salmonella and Campylobacter.

The lack of knowledge about the hazards of raising poultry likely contributes to the continued issues of Salmonella outbreaks associated with backyard poultry. In 2023, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported 1,072 illnesses of Salmonella linked to backyard poultry, and 272 of those patients required hospitalization. Oklahoma reported 43 individuals with the disease.

To read more, pick up a copy of the April issue of NTFR magazine. To subscribe by mail, call 940-872-5922.

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