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Fishy vegetable production methods explained through aquaponics

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COLLEGE STATION — If growing vegetables in a box with no soil and out of direct sunlight sounds a little fishy, well, it is.

“Aquaponics” is a relatively new way of intensified farming that combines aquaculture and hydroponics, according to Dr. Joe Masabni of College Station, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service vegetable specialist.

“We are combining fish, which is the aquaculture, and hydroponics, which is vegetable production in soilless media,” Masabni said. “Whether it’s running water through pipes or a flood-and-drain system, the idea is to combine the two where the fish waste becomes food for the plants, and the plant roots clean the water by absorbing all the nutrients. The water then is recycled back to the fish.”

Dr. Joe Masabni, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service vegetable specialist in College Station, demonstrates a small-scale aquaponics setup. (Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service photo by Kathleen Phillips)
Dr. Joe Masabni, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service vegetable specialist in College Station, demonstrates a small-scale aquaponics setup. (Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service photo by Kathleen Phillips)

Aquaponics methods originated at the University of the Virgin Islands in the early 1980s by Dr. James Rakocy, who retired from the university in 2010. He is still active in the industry with the book, “Aquaponics: a Comprehensive Guide to Proven Principles and Practices,” which he co-authored with his successor Dr. Wilson Lennard.

The method has been tried and even successfully used by producers in Texas since the late 1990s. But in the past five or so years, Masabni said, interest has steadily increased in Texas among vegetable producers to the point that a majority of the requests for assistance he receives pertain to hydroponics and aquaponics.

“It has become very popular, because in general with hydroponics you can produce the same crop with a lot less water because the water is recirculating. And with the addition of the fish population there is less fluctuation in the nutrients,” he said. “You don’t have to replenish the minerals, and you don’t have to worry about pH results going really high or really low.

“In theory, you can grow any vegetable because what you have is water, oxygen and nutrients,” he said. “The roots of the plants are sitting in a nutrient-rich situation with lots of water and lots of oxygen, so they will never rot. Anything can grow.”

He said the most cost-effective plants to grow might be herbs, lettuce, kale, watercress, spinach and other small plants that have a relatively fast yield. Other vegetables, such as tomatoes, also can be grown aquaponically, but may not produce quickly enough to be profitable.

Steve Sumrow, owner of Aquaponics USA in Adkins, said an aquaponic system can be “functional” in a size small enough to fit on an apartment balcony. However, he said, a much larger system would be necessary in order for the it to produce adequate food to sustain a family.

“For a family of four, I’d say a system with about 75 square feet of grow space and about 500 gallons of water would be sufficient to harvest about 10 pounds of fish a month and keep enough breeders to replace the fish used,” Sumrow said. “It would also supply the family with an adequate supply of vegetables. Basically, it could produce enough vegetables for a family of four to eat each day, but probably not enough fish for each day.”

He added that aquaponic systems can also be built to use solar or wind power, though the system he described which could produce sufficient food for a small family likely use only about $15 in electricity per month to operate.

“If it’s for fun it can be done, but if it’s for business, you may want to do the math to see what’s profitable,” Masabni said. “A lot of small acreage farmers have been making just as much money from the classes and the tours of their facilities as from the sale of the fish or the plants.”

The cost effectiveness of various methods is yet to be determined for Texas commercial producers, Masabni said.

“I don’t think on a small scale it can be profitable in terms of the production part,” he said. “If you add the tours and the ‘visit the farm,’ experience, then it could be profitable. It is just a good part of a bigger picture.

“A producer can sell produce as a Community Supported Agriculture system, and sell to restaurants and farmers markets, but can also do farm tours and lectures because people want to see the fish and visit the greenhouse where the vegetables are produced.”

Done right and depending on the size of the operation, Masabni said, a producer would harvest, transplant and seed daily.

“You keep replacing what you harvest. That’s the ultimate goal, though in reality it’s often the cycle for every third day, because the operation isn’t big enough to sell and replenish daily,” Masabni explained.

Aquaponics also lends itself to extending the product’s shelf life, which could be a marketing advantage for producers.

“Harvest is different from field harvest, because we don’t cut the roots off and package it. You just remove the excess roots from the growing cup, and then you package it,” he said. “It will last a lot longer with no wilting. When the roots remain on the plant, it is still alive, so it can last a couple of weeks in the refrigerator and still taste, smell and look like it was harvested yesterday.”

Though he is concentrating on commercial aspects, Masabni said the idea is also inspiring people to try aquaponics on a smaller scale for personal consumption.

“A person might have a fish tank and have a pump that circulates the water to a small bed where vegetables are growing and then circulate the water back,” he said.

He plans to offer workshops for interested growers around the state and to do more research into production methods and economics.

“We need to answer questions such as how much nitrate is needed in the water to have a decent crop, which would determine how many fish are needed and how much to feed them,” he said. “For a commercial operation, it needs to be profitable, so you would not want to be feeding 1,000 fish if 500 is enough to give you the same vegetable crop, for example.

“A lot of research is needed as we plan for science-based programming and getting people excited about aquaponics,” he said.

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Farm & Ranch

Texas FFA State Vice President Weston Parr

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Future Farmers of America was founded by a group of farmers in 1928 with the mission of preparing the next generation of agriculture. It has done just that during its 95-year history, as the organization works to give back to others by following its motto, “learning to do, doing to learn, earning to live, living to serve.”

FFA is an organization made up of state associations, and at the helm of the Texas FFA is a team of 12 officers representing their respective areas within the Lone Star State. These individuals dedicate a year of their lives as they serve members, provide leadership, and work together with the state staff and board of directors to develop policy and lead the organization of over 177,000 members.

North Texas is represented by Area IV and Area IV, stretching from Wilbarger County to Bell County and from Runnels County to Grayson County. This year, those chosen to lead this great area are State President Isaac Hawkins Jr., Area IV, and State Vice President Weston Parr, Area V.

Parr is from the Sam Rayburn FFA chapter and the Area V Association, but the leader who now serves more than 19,100 members of Area V entered the FFA organization as a shy teenager who sat in the back of the room.

“I didn’t talk to a whole lot of people. I didn’t know what I wanted to do with my life or where I could see myself, so I wasn’t involved on my high school campus,” Parr recalled.

“Then I started FFA and slowly but surely, my ag teachers worked me into attending more contests, meeting new people, and speaking. I remember the first time I gave an officer speech to my chapter. I can still remember how embarrassing it was. To see the progression from that moment to speaking on stage at the state convention in front of thousands of people. Now I feel like I can enter the industry I want and be successful all because of what FFA afforded me for five years.”

There is not much Parr did not do during his time in high school. His contest participation included chapter conducting, wool judging, cotton judging, wildlife, and job interview, but his favorite was extemporaneous speaking, which he did not start until his senior year of high school.

“I wish I could go back to my freshman, sophomore, and junior years and start that sooner. I think if I had more time, I would have been more successful than I already was, but that was something I didn’t realize I liked at the time. I’m not naturally somebody who likes to speak in public, but it was actually my favorite,” Parr said.

Parr won several awards during his time competing. In 2023 alone, Parr earned the Texas FFA Service-Learning Proficiency title, was a National FFA Service-Learning Proficiency finalist, and a Texas FFA Extemporaneous Speaking finalist. In addition to his CDE and LDE events during high school, he showed commercial steers at Houston, and boilers at most major shows, participated in the county show with projects in ag mechanics, showed goats from time to time, and showed heifers until graduation.

“FFA provides invaluable resources and knowledge to be successful once you leave high school and you are out of the blue jacket for the first time. I have been a part of a lot of great organizations over the years, and they are all great in their own way, but in my opinion, FFA is the most successful at producing members of society who want to go and do something with themselves,” Parr said.

He was halfway through his time as Area V Association President and attending the national convention when he began to ponder the idea of running for state office.

“This is around the time when you usually figure out if you want to go through and be a state officer or you decide that area officer is your last run. I was unsure of where I wanted to go, but I knew I didn’t want to be done with FFA. I decided maybe it would be a good opportunity not only for me to make more friendships and connections, but also to give back to the program that allowed me to be able to do what I can do today,” Parr explained.

To read more, pick up a copy of the May issue of NTFR magazine. To subscribe by mail, call 940-872-5922.

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Farm & Ranch

Texas FFA State President Isaac Hawkins, Jr.

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FFA is an organization made up of state associations, and at the helm of the Texas FFA is a team of 12 officers representing their respective areas within the Lone Star State. These individuals dedicate a year of their lives as they serve members, provide leadership, and work together with the state staff and board of directors to develop policy and lead the organization of over 177,000 members.

North Texas is represented by Area IV and Area IV, stretching from Wilbarger County to Bell County and from Runnels County to Grayson County. This year, those chosen to lead this great area are State President Isaac Hawkins Jr., Area IV, and State Vice President Weston Parr, Area V.

These young leaders share a drive to give back to the organization that has given to them as they work to support FFA members while preparing for a future in the agricultural industry.

From the 12 selected representatives, delegates elect a president and first vice president, with the remaining 10 serving as vice presidents from their respective area associations. The selection process consists of a popular vote by delegates at the state convention, which accounts for 40 percent of the decision, and a committee process that includes a written knowledge exam, worth 10 percent, and an interview, accounting for 50 percent. This year, after all was said and done, Hawkins was named this year’s Texas FFA President.

Hawkins grew up as part of a large, blended family with five sisters and three brothers. While he says he did not grow up in agriculture, his youth was spent outside fishing and doing all things outdoors with his father, whom he calls his best friend. As he entered Hirschi High School in Wichita Falls, Hawkins knew he wanted to be a vet but was unsure of what courses to take to set himself on that path.

“I signed up for ag principals just because they had animals in the description. The first day of class we talked about churning butter, and I went to my school counselor that same day and told her to change my schedule immediately, but she refused. She made me stay there,” Hawkins laughed. “Luckily, I had an incredible ag teacher, and she really helped me to fall in love with the program.”

To read more, pick up a copy of the May issue of NTFR magazine. To subscribe by mail, call 940-872-5922.

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Farm & Ranch

Hazards of Backyard Poultry

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By Barry Whitworth, DVM

Having backyard poultry is a popular agriculture enterprise. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, 0.8 percent of all households in the United States have chickens. People keep chickens for a variety of reasons with table eggs being one of the more common reasons.

Unfortunately, some of these poultry producers are not aware of the hazards that come with keeping poultry because many times they carry pathogens but appear healthy.
Chickens are carriers of several zoonotic diseases. These are diseases that can be passed from animals to humans. According to a recent survey in Pennsylvania, a majority of backyard poultry producers were aware of the dangers of avian influenza. However, this study also revealed that far fewer producers were aware of the risk of possible exposure to Salmonella and Campylobacter.

The lack of knowledge about the hazards of raising poultry likely contributes to the continued issues of Salmonella outbreaks associated with backyard poultry. In 2023, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported 1,072 illnesses of Salmonella linked to backyard poultry, and 272 of those patients required hospitalization. Oklahoma reported 43 individuals with the disease.

To read more, pick up a copy of the April issue of NTFR magazine. To subscribe by mail, call 940-872-5922.

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